Naissance Program in the North Pacific Ocean provides targeted aircraft To vertical spacing, and ât to temporal frequency.įor longer forecasts than those considered here, the Winter Storm Recon. Mesoscale features, lower tropospheric soundings at âx=50 km, âz=200 m,Īnd ât=3 h resolution are appropriate. Where most atmospheric moisture is concentrated, are sparse. Moisture observations, especially below 600 mb, Spheric wind observations, especially within cloudy areas, are too far apart Mesoscale features within the storm circulation often mark the differenceīetween merely soaking rains (say, 0.20 inches per hour) and serious flood. Inside of cloud systems within a day or so of reaching the West Coast would  ilometers of the coast, especially of temperature, wind, and moistureīelow 600 mb, to supplement satellite observations. InĮither case, more in-situ observations are needed within a few hundred Southwesterly flow will cause soaking orographic rains along the ÂCaliforniaĬoastline without the presence of a well-defined cyclonic circulation. Occasionally, however, a long plume of moisture in Those that cause flooding and landslidesĪlong the West Coast, as in January to February 2005, are almost alwaysĬentered offshore. To the biological and chemical constituents in flood drainage that otherwiseīecause these storms are large, typically 1000 km in diameter, they are Floods can create health risks to humans and the local ecology due Panied by rainfall, sometimes causes floods in the northern United States,įor example, the Red River flood at Grand Forks, North Dakota, in Aprilġ997 or flooding from Ohio to New England during the January thaw ofġ996. Rapid melting of a heavy snow cover, especially when accom. Geographic preference: West Coast, Southern Plains, Lower Midwest, Ing on melting snow exacerbates the flooding. Thunderstorms, cause flooding of small streams and larger rivers. The list is neitherĭefinitive nor exhaustive, but it does cover events that cause the greatestĭefinition: Steady soaking rains, sometimes with embedded showers and The phenomena is roughly in the order of size/longevity. Has any embedded features that cause localized damage. Even for this singleĪpplication area, the answer to the question depends upon the phenom-Įnon: its size and longevity, which governs its predictability, and whether it Tion: observational support of the national infrastructure for weather andĬlimate monitoring and numerical weather prediction. How dense and how frequent?â The honest answer is âIt depends upon theĪpplication.â This appendix deals with a single but very important applica. The question is perennial: âHow many observations do I need, and Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book.
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